Genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the adaptation to semi-aquatic and aquatic life in spiders

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  Genomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal the adaptation to semi-aquatic and aquatic life in spiders Abstract Spiders are largely terrestrial, but some lineages have independently adapted to marine and freshwater habitats. Although physiological and behavioral traits supporting these evolutionary transitions have been characterized, the genomic basis of adaptation to aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats in spiders remains unclear. Here, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly for the aquatic spider Argyroneta aquatica. Comparative analysis of 22 spider species supports two independent transitions in semi-aquatic (∼56 Mya) and aquatic (∼44 Mya) lineages. The aquatic spider show distinct respiratory morphology compared with terrestrial spiders, including anterior spiracles and denser tracheoles. Molecular evolution analyses identified lineage-specific shifts in selective constraint or evidence of positive selection linked to trachea development (e.g., Wnt-1, Catenin beta, TMEM23...

Molecular Delimitation of Evolutionary Significant Units Reveals Hidden Geographic Drivers of Extinction Risk Within Island Arthropods

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Molecular Delimitation of Evolutionary Significant Units Reveals Hidden Geographic Drivers of Extinction Risk Within Island Arthropods

ABSTRACT

Aim

Globally, arthropod biodiversity is under threat, with increased risk of species-level extinctions, and this threat is particularly acute on oceanic islands. A fundamental first step towards understanding extinction risk is to understand genetic connectivity among the constituent populations of a species. Our aim is to develop and implement a protocol to characterise genetic connectivity among island populations within arthropod species to reveal otherwise hidden range size drivers of extinction.

Location

Canary Islands, Spain.

Methods

We implement a protocol based on mtDNA sequence data for the delimitation of evolutionary significant units (ESUs) to evaluate extinction risk among species of beetle and spider distributed across multiple islands.

Results

Our results reveal that more than half of the species analysed are comprised of two or more ESUs. We also find that low dispersal ability was a significant predictor of ESUs within species of Coleoptera, but with no significant difference for Araneae.

Main Conclusions

Most ESUs are consistent with early stage differentiation or incipient speciation, with some exceeding a conservative interspecific threshold, thus indicative of cryptic species. We suggest that extending our approach with the integration of other species-level traits may provide for a more refined predictive framework for understanding extinction risks across island arthropod species.

Jiménez-García, E., Suárez, D., Andújar, C., López, H. and Emerson, B.C. (2025), Molecular Delimitation of Evolutionary Significant Units Reveals Hidden Geographic Drivers of Extinction Risk Within Island Arthropods. Divers Distrib, 31: e13966. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13966